1) Hypo- and hypernatremia

All students should be familiar with the basic problems connected with the consequent topics:

1. Hyponatraemia - definition (acute and chronic, normal range), signs and symptoms, risk factors, treatment (acute and chronic phase) – drugs, doses, time of correction, outpatient and inpatient treatment, diet

2. Hypernatraemia -  definition (acute and chronic, normal range), signs and symptoms, risk factors, treatment (acute and chronic phase) – drugs, doses, time of correction, outpatient and inpatient treatment, diet

Hyponatremia - source of knowledge:

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/242166-overview

https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.19.1.3.1

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/514125

https://patient.info/treatment-medication/hyponatraemia-leaflet

https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-disorders/hyponatremia

Hypernatremia - source of knowledge:

https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.19.1.3.2

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241094-overview

https://patient.info/doctor/hypernatraemia

https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-disorders/hypernatremia

The evaluation of knowledge of students will be based on the results of test solved by students during the classes.

 

2) Hypo- and hyperkaliemia and hypo- and hypermagnesemia 

All students should be familiar with the basic problems connected with hypo- and hyperkaliemia and hypo- and hypermagnesemia.

The student’s presentation consists of (hypo- and hyperkaliemia):

1. Definition (normal range)

2. Etiology

3. Diagnosis

4. Signs and symptoms

5. ECG changes

6. Risk factors

7. Treatment (acute and chronic phase) – drugs, doses, time of correction, outpatient and inpatient treatment, diet, dialysis

Source of knowledge:

https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.19.1.4.1.

https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.19.1.4.2.

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0915/p487.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482465/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5881435/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4357351/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470284/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3061004/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6392418/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5661285/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6892421/

The student’s presentation consists of (hypo- and hypermagnesemia):

1. Definition (normal range)

2. Epidemiology

3. Signs and symptoms

4. Diagnosis

5. Treatment

Source of knowledge:

https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.19.1.5.1.

https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.19.1.5.2.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519036/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500003/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4062555/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6524065/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549811/

 

3) Hypo- and hypercalcemia and hypo- and hyperphosphatemia

All students should be familiar with the basic problems connected with hypo- and hypercalcemia and hypo- and hyperphosphatemia.

The presentation should consist of:

1. Hypo- and hypercalcemia:

• definition (acute and chronic, normal range),
• signs and symptoms,
• ECG changes,
• risk factors,
• treatment (acute and chronic phase) – drugs, doses, time of correction, outpatient and inpatient treatment, diet

Source of knowledge:

https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.19.1.6..html

https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-disorders

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/0501/p1959.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279022/

Additional sources are acceptable.

2. Hypo- and hyperphosphatemia:

• definition (normal range),
• signs and symptoms,
• risk factors,
• treatment – drugs, doses, time of correction, outpatient and inpatient treatment, diet, dialysis

Source of knowledge:

https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.19.1.7.

https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-disorders

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551586/

https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/97/3/696/2536268

Additional sources are acceptable.

 

4) Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

All students should be familiar with the basic problems connected with metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis

A student has to prepare the presentation: Metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis.

The presentation must contain ALL information from the indicated source.

Additional informations from other sources are acceptable.

The presentation should consist of:

1. Metabolic acidosis – definition, etiology

a) lactic acidosis – definition, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment

Source of knowledge:

https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.13.3.3.

b) ketoacidosis - definition, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment

Source of knowledge:

https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.13.3.1. 

c) acidosis after ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning – mechanism of toxity, symptoms of early and late poisoning, diagnostic tests, treatment (with details)

      Source of knowledge:

      https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.20.2.3.

      https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.20.2.2.

d) acidosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) – pathophysiology, algorithm of the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with CKD, recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic acidosis in patients with CKD

     Source of knowledge:
     https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/490475

2. Metabolic alkalosis – definition, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment

Source of knowledge:

https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.19.2.3.

https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/acid-base-regulation-and-disorders/metabolic-alkalosis

- please don’t use the film in the presentation

 

5) Physiology and pathophysiology of iron metabolism

All students should be familiar with the basic problems connected with iron metabolism.

The presentation must contain all information from the McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine and all important informations from attached articles connected with iron homeostasis.

Additional informations from other sources are acceptable.

a) Iron homeostasis

- dietary iron: heme and nonheme forms

- intestinal iron absorption: the role of DMT1, DCYTB, ferroportin, hephaestin and hepcidine!

- use figures from articles!

- systemic iron transport and its delivery to tissues

- intracellular iron storage – the role of ferritin and hemosiderin

The source of knowledge:

https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/106/suppl_6/1559S/4823167?login=true

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7611894/

b) Iron pathology:

1. Iron deficiency anemia:

- definition, etiology, pathogenesis

- clinical features

- diagnosis

- treatment

- special considerations

The source of knowledge:

McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/  -> Hematology -> Irone Deficiency and Other Hypoprliferative Anemias -> Iron Deficiency Anemia

2. Anemia of Chronic Diseases

- definition, etiology, pathogenesis

- clinical features and natural history

- diagnosis

- treatment

The source of knowledge:

McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/  -> Hematology -> Irone Deficiency and Other Hypoprliferative Anemias -> Anemia of Chronic Diseases

3. Hereditary Hemochromatosis

- definition, etiology, pathogenesis

- clinical features and natural history

- diagnosis (diagnostic tests, diagnostics criteria, differential diagnosis)

- treatment

- follow-up

- prognosis

The source of knowledge:

McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/  -> Hematology -> Irone Overload -> Hereditary Hemochromatosis

4. Secondary Iron Overload

- definition, etiology, pathogenesis

- clinical features and natural history

- diagnosis

- treatment

- follow-up

- prognosis

The source of knowledge:

McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/  -> Hematology -> Irone Overload -> Secondary Iron Overload